“And of course a sense of humor”

By Anne M. Filiaci, Ph.D.

            Life at the Henry Street Settlement was noisy and unpredictable. Throughout the day and evening, neighbors attended clubs and classes inside the house and on the playground.  The wail of fire engines, pleas of street vendors and shouts of boisterous children constantly intruded on the home’s interior. Guests from all walks of life who stopped by, often unexpectedly, were always offered hospitality.

            Yet in spite of its chaotic nature, life at the Henry Street Settlement did have a loose structure that allowed for some stability.  Lavinia Dock provides us with an invaluable glimpse of the Settlement’s daily routine as she experienced it in1898.  “Breakfast is at half past seven,” she wrote, “and unless guests are staying in the house this is often the only meal at which the members of the family find themselves alone together.”  As they ate, residents opened their mail, read the newspapers, chatted and made plans for the day.  Afterwards, the nurses straightened their rooms and received new cases from Wald before leaving the Settlement to pursue their daily rounds.

            Unlike hospital and private duty nurses who acted on the direct orders of physicians, HSS nurses had a great degree of autonomy in their work.  Dock stated that “Each nurse manages her patients and arranges her time according to her best judgment.”  Yet the family members also recognized the need to communicate and to work cooperatively.  Regular residents’ meetings allowed members to depend on each other for support and advice, and to air and resolve brewing problems before these boiled over—“all points of interest, knotty problems, and difficult situations are talked over and settled in family council.”

            Nurses met back at the Settlement for lunch if their schedules permitted.  There, according to Dock (tongue planted firmly in cheek), they would “usually” find “some visitor or visitors interested and interesting, for no dull or stupid people ever appear at the Settlement.”  The outside work of the nurses was usually finished one or two hours before dinner.  When they returned to the Settlement—at least during the early years—resident nurses would pursue other interests of benefit to the neighborhood.  Some officiated at mothers’ clubs, while others supervised the after-school activities of neighborhood children.  Soon, however, the nurses found their daily rounds to be more than enough work, and generally left the Settlement’s other activities to lay members.

            The Henry Street Settlement hosted streams of daily and overnight guests in addition to residents and neighbors. It often sponsored tours to interested groups of reformers, social workers, and nurses.  The American Journal of Nursing described one such tour, given to the “New York members of Associated Alumnae” on “Wednesday, March 27[,1901]. The tour, which featured a walk through the neighborhood, began with refreshments and a talk at the Settlement:

After an interesting outline of the purpose and work of these neighborhood houses was given by Miss Wald, Miss Dock announced she would be glad to conduct any of those present who might wish to see the outdoor field of the Settlement nurses’ work. It seemed that everyone was desirous to make the tour, so, having been well fortified from the tea-table presided over by Miss McDowell and Miss Wald, and beginning with the first aid room in the basement, the members were piloted across East Broadway and through Hester Street.

            From the beginning, one could not separate the neighborhood from the Settlement. Each became an organic extension of the other and Lillian Wald was the magnet. While the Settlement she founded became a window into the larger world for her neighbors, it was also a unique view of the Lower East Side for politicians, reformers, public health activists, social scientists and philanthropists. Long time residents like Florence Kelley could use their living situation to supply them with data and evidence for formal research.  They also valued the deeper knowledge that informal, daily connection with the neighborhood provided. Conversely, neighbors could meet, mingle, learn from and teach middle class activists, prominent philanthropists and reform politicians who visited. The House was, in short, neutral ground, a meeting place for people from all backgrounds who rarely, if ever, met as social equals in any other circumstance.

            Guests would often come together at dinner, another regularly scheduled part of the day at HSS.  From its earliest days the Settlement became renowned for its evening meals, attracting some of the most interesting and prominent people of the period.  Mealtimes served as a “favorite method of introduction” for visitors and residents, and members of the Family could count on the meal as a stimulating and lively occasion. 

            At these dinners, women usually made up the majority.  They were often joined by “long haired men in soft collars, whom the uninitiated will instantly suspect of socialism” and “short haired men in business suits with conventional neck gear.”  An “inevitable buzz of conversation” accompanied the food, with “everyone” openly expressing “a genuine interest in what everyone else is doing,” with “talking across the table, questionings, banterings, hasty opinions snapped and well considered opinions weighed.”

            Alice Lewisohn Crowley, who with her sister would later start the Settlement’s famous theatre, was the daughter of one of Wald’s wealthy sponsors.  She wrote about her first exposure to an HSS dinner as an impressionable young woman:  “The Leading Lady [Wald],” she recalled, led them “up to the dining room.”  There, “the starched and happy company, the Settlements’ Visiting Nurses and their co-workers were waiting.”  Throughout dinner, “Lively spirits sparred across the table.” Lillian Wald “presided” at its “head,” playing “not one part, but innumerable changing characters.  In her role as hostess, her hands seemed to work automatically as she mixed the … salad.”  During the dinnertime conversation, Wald clarified “problems about unions,” while throughout the whole event she interspersed “her conversation with whimsical stories.”

            Jacob Schiff and his wife (Wald’s main benefactors) were frequent dinner guests at the Settlement.  Mr. Schiff, a wealthy banker, enjoyed the gatherings as a chance to meet those whose lives were very different from his own.  On one widely remembered occasion, Schiff and a Jewish tailor discussed workers’ strikes.  (The tailor was for them and Schiff against.)  In spite of their conflicting views, the discussion ended amicably, with Schiff putting his arm on the shoulder of the tailor while the two exchanged quotations in Hebrew.

            Schiff’s meeting with the tailor may not have been entirely coincidental.  At the dinner visits of her wealthy patrons, Wald sought to gain their sympathy and empathy for workers by bringing both sides together at a social occasion.  Years later, upon hearing of Schiff’s death, Lavinia Dock wrote Wald about her benefactor, “’I have been remembering back to the afternoon when we sat in the old dining room while you persuaded him to be in sympathy with the garment worker’s strike….’”

            Wald also used dinner parties to introduce reformers and prominent politicians to one another. On one special occasion during the early years of the settlement, Wald gave a dinner for Graham Wallas, a social psychologist, professor at the London School of Economics, and early member (with George Bernard Shaw) of the British Fabian Society. Wallas had arrived in the States for a lecture engagement.  He carried letters of introduction to many people, but did not have the time to visit them all.  Wald “ventured to invite the people on the list for Sunday supper.”  Years later, she remembered that those attending included Theodore Roosevelt, then Police Commissioner of New York City (1895-1897), reformer and photographer Jacob Riis (author of How the Other Half Lived), Seth Low (future mayor of New York, President of Columbia University, diplomat), Felix Adler (founder of the Ethical Culture Movement), American poet Richard Watson Gilder (head of the 1894 Tenement House Committee) and author and literary critic William Dean Howells.

            Dinner guests might stay for after-dinner drinks and dessert in the House’s back yard, on the site of the outdoor playground. They often visited the Settlement’s ongoing activities, including clubs for adults and older youth, dances, and athletic events.  At times they were called upon to give presentations on questions “of current importance” to Settlement residents at their weekly meetings.  There, “family” members gathered to discuss issues with their patients and life at the settlement.  After the presentations, a lively debate was guaranteed to ensue, as abstract theories met head to head with what Wald called “actual day-to-day contact of the settlement people with life around them….”  

            Wald also played host to overnight guests. During the late 1890s, a young Ramsay MacDonald (later to become the first British Labour Party Prime Minister) stayed at the Settlement with his bride during their “wedding trip.” They came, as Wald recalled, “because Fabian friends had told them they would see something of the ‘moral influence’ that was leavening the Tammany lump of New York City politics.”  Their visit may not have been romantic, but it was enlightening:

The first night they arrived we took them to a mass meeting for which we were responsible in Apollo Hall, at that time a centre of local ‘machine’ politics.  Felix Adler, Dr. Rainsford, and other supposedly influential reformers (alas, we know better now than we did then what an election requires!) were to speak.

The Hall was sold out to reformers, but the

pro-Tammany owner had rented another floor in the building for a ‘regular’ meeting at the same hour of the same night.  The audience there was accommodated with chairs, but there was not a single seat in the room we had secured at a high price.

Not only were reformers deprived of chairs, but

many of the people who came to our gathering purposely scuffled and coughed and stumbled.  Never was there a sadder failure!  Next evening our party, with Professor Giddings and other sympathetic citizens, went to hear the election returns, and instructive it was to see the jubilant crowds and their banners of victory– ‘To Hell with Reform!’”

The future Prime Minister’s “early visit to Henry Street” on his “wedding trip” was the “beginning of a long association” and a deep friendship.

            Another out-of-town guest during the early years was Jane Addams, founder of the Hull House settlement in Chicago. Addams’ first visit, in 1898, “stirred the household deeply” and had a profound effect on Wald. The two women became lifelong friends and allies.

            On those occasions when the Settlement’s residents found themselves without outside company, they might entertain each other by putting on plays or skits or singing along to popular songs for which they had created their own lyrics. One winter they were entertained on Friday evenings by resident Winifred Rooney O’Reilly, the mother of labor leader Leonora O’Reilly.  Mrs. O’Reilly told stories and read aloud from the books of reformers like Henry George and Giuseppe Mazzini.

Wald felt that one of her great accomplishments was the Henry Street Settlement’s reputation for an abundance of hospitality and a strong sense of community, which she proclaimed evolved naturally from its foundation “of respect for people and for their importance as human beings.” This respect was evident in the relationships that developed among both short-term and long-term members of the Family, and in the way the Family treated the settlement’s many guests. The respect extended beyond the house, into the neighborhood and beyond.  To Wald, the secret of her success was both simple and profound:

There has been through the years a procession across our threshold—those who have tarried but a little while, those who have come from far-away lands and those who have come because word had reached them that they might find in this place help and surely sympathy. We have had a continuity of family life, developing a fellowship rich beyond description or appraisal. Varied are the occupations of the residents, though the first requirement for eligibility is not the candidate’s vocation, but his interest in social progress and his participation, at least to some degree, in efforts in that direction. And of course a sense of humor.”

 
 

 Bibliography

Adler, Cyrus, Jacob H. Schiff:  His Life and Letters, Garden City, NY:  Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc., 1929, vols. I & II.

American Nurses Association, “Goodrich, Annie Warburton,” www.nursingworld.org/AnnieWarburtonGoodrich Current 10/24/16.

Blumberg, Dorothy Rose, Florence Kelley:  The Making of a Social Pioneer, New York:  Augustus M. Kelley, 1966.

Bullough, Vern L., and Bonnie Bullough, The Emergence of Modern Nursing, 2d ed., London:  The Macmillan Co., 1969.

Cohen, Naomi W., Jacob H. Schiff:  A Study in American Jewish Leadership, Hanover, NH:  Brandeis University Press, 1999.

Daniels, Doris Groshen, Always a Sister:  The Feminism of Lillian D. Wald, New York, Feminist Press, 1989.

Daniels, Doris Groshen, Lillian D. Wald:  The Progressive Woman and Feminism, Ann Arbor:  Xerox University Microfilms, c1976. (City University of NY, Ph.D., 1977.)

Dock, Lavinia, “The Nurses’ Settlement in New York,” (from L.L. Dock, Short Papers on Nursing Subjects, New York:  M. Louise Longeway, 1900.

 Duffus, R.L., Lillian Wald:  Neighbor and Crusader, New York:  The Macmillan Company, 1939.

Goldmark, Josephine, Impatient Crusader:  Florence Kelley’s Life Story, Urbana:  University of Illinois Press, 1953.

Holden, Arthur C., The Settlement Idea: A Vision of Social Justice, New York:  The Macmillan Co., 1922.

James, Janet Wilson, ed., A Lavinia Dock Reader, edited with a biographical introduction by Janet Wilson James, New York:  Garland Publishing, Inc., 1985.

Kode, Kimberly, Elizabeth Farrell and the History of Special Education. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children, 2002. ERIC Number: ED474364. For full text PDF get link at abstract:  http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED474364  For direct link to PDF: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED474364.pdf  Both current 10/24/16.

Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe, A Generation of Women:  Education in the Lives of Progressive Reformers, Cambridge, Mass.:  Harvard University Press, 1979.

Muncy, Robyn, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 

Notable American Women 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, & Paul S. Boyer, eds., v.3, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.

Sklar, Kathryn Kish and Beverly Wilson Palmer, The Selected Letters of Florence Kelley, 1869-1931, Urbana and Chicago:  University of Illinois Press, 2009.

Wald, Lillian D., The House on Henry Street, N:Y:  Henry Holt & Co., 1915. 

Wald, Lillian D., Lillian Wald Papers. New York: New York Public Library, 1983.

Wald, Lillian, “Nurses’ Settlement,” The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Oct., 1900), p. 39.

Wald, Lillian D., Windows on Henry Street, Boston:  Little Brown, and Company, 1934.

Illustrations

Addams, Jane

Addams, Jane, Sociologist, suffragist, social worker, philosopher, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams, in 1924 or 1926 (the way the date is written (mirror image, at top of the TIFF version) is probably 3-2-26, but could be 3-2-24.  Bain News Service Restoration by Adam Cuerden – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress‘s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.39054.  Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams#/media/File:Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg   Current 11/30/16

Addams, Jane, Jane Addams as a young woman, undated Studio portrait by Cox, Chicago, copyrighted but fair use applies. Holder of portrait is at http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss141.html  Link to wiki photo at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams#/media/File:Jane_Addams.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Addams, Jane, Jane Addams, 1915, Chicago Daily News, Jane Addams in a car. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams#/media/File:Jane_Addams_in_a_car.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Addams, Jane, Chicago Daily News

Delegation to the Women’s Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams of Hull House (left) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago.  Public domain.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams#/media/File:Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Addams, Jane, Addams in 1914. Moffett – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress‘s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a13016. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams#/media/File:Jane_Addams_profile.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Adler, Dr. Felix

Dr. Felix Adler, Chairman, N.C.L.C

• Digital ID: (color digital file from b&w original print) nclc 04844 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/nclc.04844
• Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04844 (color digital file from b&w original print)
• Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/nclc.04844/ Current 11/29/16

 Crowley, Alice Lewisohn, Broadway Photographs, http://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/alice-lewisohn-0  Current 11/16/16

Dock, Lavinia

Dock, Lavinia, Photo/Portrait, public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia_Dock#/media/File:Lavinia_Lloyd_Dock.jpg  Current 11/16/16

George, Henry

Henry George, 1839-1897; Digital ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b26212 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b26212 Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-79139 (b&w film copy neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002706986/resource/ Current 7/6/15

Science, Industry and Business Library: General Collection , The New York Public Library. “Henry George.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-0373-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99   Public domain. Current 1/12/16

Science, Industry and Business Library: General Collection , The New York Public Library. “Henry George.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-0387-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99  Public domain. Current 1/12/16

+++ many more pictures of Henry George in this collection.  Current 6/21/16

Gilder, Richard Watson

Science, Industry and Business Library: General Collection , The New York Public Library. “The movement for tenement reform in manwork – discussion of the committee report by Richard Watson Gilder; [Portraits of R. W. Gilder and Henry George].” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed November 29, 2016. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-00aa-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99    Public domain. Current 11/29/16

Portrait of American writer Richard Watson Gilder (1844-1909), photographed by William M. Vander Weyde. Fair use. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Watson_Gilder#/media/File:Richard-Watson-Gilder.jpg  Current 11/29/16

Henry Street Settlement

Henry Street Family Jewish Women’s Archive. “The “Henry Street Family” circa 1900.” (Viewed on November 15, 2016) https://jwa.org/media/henry-street-family-back-row-left-to-right-jane-hitchcock-sue-foote-jeannne-travis-middle-row- .

Henry Street Settlement Playground (same photo as above) https://www.flickr.com/photos/unhny/5926733195 [ca. 1895] Current 4/27/16

Henry Street Settlement, “263-267 Henry Street between Montgomery and Grand Streets in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City are part of the Henry Street Settlement. The settlement was founded in 1893 by Lillian Wald as the Nurses’ Settlement, and in 1895 Jacob Schiff bought 265 Henry Street for the organization’s use, and gave it to them in 1903. In 1906, the Settlement expanded into the Greek Revival townhouse next door at #267, which had a Colonial Revival facade by Buchman & Fox; the new building was a gift from Morris Loeb. In 1938, the settlement began leasing #263, and purchased it in 1949. #263 was restored in 1989 and #265 in 1992. (Source: Guide to NYC Landmarks (4th ed.))”  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement#/media/File:Henry_Street_Settlement_263-267_Henry_Street.jpg     Cleaner image at:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Henry_Street_Settlement_263-267_Henry_Street.jpg   Current 11/11/16

New York City Department of Records, 265-67 Henry Street, Collection name:  DOF: Manhattan 1980s Tax Photos, 1983-1988; Link to Illustration  Current 11/11/16

Hester Street.

Title: Hester Street, New York City. Creator(s): Riis, Jacob A. (Jacob August), 1849-1914, photographer. Date Created/Published: [ca. 1890] LOC http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002710254/  Current 11/15/16

Campbell, Alfred S. In Hester St., N.Y. Candy / Alfred S. Campbell. Elizabeth, N.J.,: Alfred S. Campbell, ca. 1896. Image. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/90713721/ . (Accessed November 15, 2016.)

Falk, B. J. , Copyright Claimant. A scene in the ghetto, Hester Street. ca. 1902. Image. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2007661243/ . (Accessed November 15, 2016.)

Looking west from Norfolk Street along Hester Street (Manhattan) around 1898,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hester_Street_(Manhattan)#/media/File:Norfolk_and_Hester_Street_around_1898.jpg Current 11/15/16

Howells, William Dean

 [William Dean Howells, 1837-1920, full length portrait, facing right, standing by grandfather clock] (no known restrictions on publication)

• Digital ID: (digital file from b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b11543 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b11543
• Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-63947 (b&w film copy neg.)
• Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, C. 20540 USA

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b11543/ Current 11/29/16

William Dean Howells, by Underwood & Underwood. Underwood & Underwood (Life time: n.d.) – Original publication: The North American review Immediate source: http://www.archive.org/stream/northamreview212miscrich#page/n9/mode/2up  Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dean_Howells#/media/File:W._D._Howells.jpg  Current 11/29/16

William Dean Howells, c. 1870.  Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dean_Howells#/media/File:William_Dean_Howells_(ca1870).jpg  Current 11/29/16

The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “William Dean Howells.” Public domain. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed November 29, 2016. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-026f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99  Current 11/29/16

American editor William Dean Howells in 1887, “at the time of writing ‘Annie Kilburn’.” From Human Documents: Portraits and Biographies of Eminent Men. New York: S. S. McClure, Limited, 1895: p. 105. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dean_Howells#/media/File:William_Dean_Howells_1887.jpg  Current 11/29/16.

Hull House

Hull House, The Hull House, Chicago (front); V.O. HAMMON PUBLISHING CO. – Postcard. Public domain.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House#/media/File:The_Hull_House,_Chicago_(front).tif   Current 11/30/16

Hull House, Children in line on a retaining wall at Hull House, 1908

Chicago Daily News – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original text (LOC-cdn): This image is available from the Chicago Daily News collection located at the Chicago History Museum. It can be found online at the United States Library of Congress in the American Memory archive under the digital ID ichicdn+n005532.   Public domain.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House#/media/File:Children_standing_in_a_line_on_a_retaining_wall_on_the_grounds_of_Hull_House.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Kelley, Florence

Kelley, Florence, Portrait, public domain  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Kelley#/media/File:FlorenceKelley.jpg  Current 11/16/16

Kelley, Florence, 1925, Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Kelley#/media/File:Florence_Kelley_cph.3b20591.jpg Current 11/16/16

Low, Seth

Low, Seth, Seth Low, head-and-shoulders portrait. Public Domain.  Created 31 December 1900. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Low#/media/File:Seth_Low_cph.3a37073.jpg  Current 11/29/16

Macdonald, Ramsay

Ramsay MacDonald British Prime Minister, 1924, 1929-35. (image airbrushed to remove scratches)  Unknown – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress‘s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.35734. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald#/media/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain_35734.jpg  Current 11/29/16

Ramsay MacDonald by Solomon Joseph Solomon, 1911

Solomon Joseph Solomon – National Portrait Gallery: NPG 3890 . Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald#/media/File:(James)_Ramsay_MacDonald_by_Solomon_Joseph_Solomon.jpg  Current 11/29/16

MacDonald, c. 1929

Unknown – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress‘s Prints  and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.37952.  Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald#/media/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg  Current 11/29/16

MacDonald c. 1900s.  Bain News Service – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress‘s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.29588.  Public domain.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald#/media/File:Ramsay_MacDonald_ggbain.29588.jpg   Current 11/29/16

Mazzini, Giuseppe

Mazzini, Giuseppe, Italian statesman Giuseppe Mazzini   Unknown – PD image hosted on Life.com: http://www.life.com/image/50691446  ca. 1860? Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini#/media/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg Current 11/30/16

Mazzini, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Mazzini. Historical and Public Figures Collection – New York Public Library ArchivesGiuseppe Mazzini, Italian unification politician. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini#/media/File:Giuseppe_mazzini_1.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Mazzini, Giuseppe, Photograph of Mazzini by Domenico Lama; Domenico Lama (1823-1890); Black and white photographic portrait of Giuseppe Mazzini by Domenico Lama (1823-1890) with G.M.’s signature at the bottom. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini#/media/File:Lama,_Domenico_(1823-1890)_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Mazzini, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Mazzini late in his career.  Historical and Public Figures Collection – New York Public Library Archives.  Italian unification politician Giuseppe Mazini. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini#/media/File:Guiseppe_mazini_2.jpg Current 11/30/16

O’Reilly, Leonora

O’Reilly, Leonora, ca. 1900. http://www.thelaborsite.com/women1.cfm / http://www.thelaborsite.com/19967_1.jpg

en:Leonora O’Reilly (1870 – 1927) was an American feminist, suffragist, and trade union organizer. She was a founding member of the en:Women’s Trade Union League. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_O’Reilly#/media/File:Leonora-oreilly-circa-1900.jpg  Current 11/30/16

Riis, Jacob

Jacob Riis (no known restrictions on publication); c1904 April 1. Digital ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a08818 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a08818; Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-5511 (b&w film copy neg.); Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3a08818/ Current 11/17/16

Riis, Jacob, Jacob Riis, American journalist. 1905. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis#/media/File:Jacob_Riis_2.jpg Current 11/17/16

Riis, Jacob, NYC Police Commissioner Roosevelt walks the beat with journalist Jacob Riis in 1894—Illustration from Riis’ autobiography. Public domain.  See also, Roosevelt, Theodore.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg   Current 11/17/16

Roosevelt, Theodore

Roosevelt, Theodore, NYC Police Commissioner Roosevelt walks the beat with journalist Jacob Riis in 1894—Illustration from Riis’ autobiography. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg   Current 11/17/16

Roosevelt, Theodore, Photograph showing head and shoulders, facing slightly left. 1904. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif   Current 11/17/16

Roosevelt, Theodore, Theodore Roosevelt at age 11. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:TR_Age_11_Paris.jpg  Current 11/17/16

Roosevelt, Theodore, Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman, 1883. Public Domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:TR_NY_State_Assemblyman_1883_crop.jpg  Current 11/17/16

Roosevelt, Theodore, Theodore Roosevelt as Badlands hunter in 1885. New York studio photo. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#/media/File:TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg  Current 11/17/16

Schiff, Jacob

 Title: Jacob Schiff & wife Creator(s): Bain News Service, publisher  Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.  Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ggbain-30017 (digital file from original negative) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.  Call Number: LC-B2- 5122-3 [P&P]  Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print   Record:  http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2006005431/  Larger image:  http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.30017/  Current 11/16/16

Image Title :  Jacob H. Schiff, Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Source : Print Collection portrait file. / S / Jacob H. Schiff. Location : Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs Digital ID : 2054988

Record ID : 1959462 Digital Item Published : 9-2-2011; updated 1-24-2012 NYPL Image:  http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=1959462&imageID=2054988&total=25&num=0&word=loeb&s=1&notword=&d=&c=&f=&k=1&lWord=&lField=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&sort=&imgs=20&pos=14&e=w  Current 11/14/16

Shaw, George Bernard

 Shaw, George Bernard, Shaw in 1879, Public domain in the U.S. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw#/media/File:Bernard-Shaw-1879.jpg Current 11/16/16

 Shaw, George Bernard, Shaw in 1894 at the time of Arms and the Man. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw#/media/File:Bernard-Shaw-1894.jpg  Current 11/16/16

Wallas, Graham

Wallas, Graham. Younger years. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas#/media/File:Graham_Wallas.jpg  Current 11/16/16

Wallas, Graham, Graham Wallas portrait taken c.1920s. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas#/media/File:Graham_Wallas,_c1920s.jpg  Current 11/16/16

Copyright Anne M. Filiaci 2020