ORGANIZING RETAIL WORKERS: THE WORKING WOMAN’S SOCIETY AND THE NEW YORK CITY CONSUMERS LEAGUE – Lillian Wald

By Anne M. Filiaci, Ph.D.

During the 1880s, labor activists and reformers focused most of their attention on improving wages and working conditions in factories. In 1886, retail clerk Alice Woodbridge appealed to Josephine Shaw Lowell—arguably one of New York City’s most influential reformer/philanthropists—to widen this focus and address the plight of women retail workers, many of whom were saleswomen and “cash girls” in the city’s large department stores. That same year, labor activist Leonora O’Reilly chaired a series of meetings in New York City on the subject of women in retail work. Shaw Lowell attended.

At the meetings, women retail workers spoke passionately of their plight, often using personal stories to illustrate their experiences. This testimony made it clear that their work consisted of long hours (mostly standing), low wages, and excessive fines, with sexual harassment and abuse being the norm rather than the exception. To make matters worse, many of the workers were little more than very young girls.

After hearing the testimony, Shaw Lowell, O’Reilly, Woodbridge and others, impelled to take immediate action, joined forces to form the Working Women’s Society of the City of New York (WWS). Shaw Lowell served as the group’s principal advisor.

The leaders of the WWS soon embarked upon a mission to study and investigate the working conditions that women retail workers had so eloquently described in the meetings. They sent trained inspectors into the field to document and report on working conditions for women in department stores. Shaw Lowell personally investigated many sites and worked on the report. Woodbridge, secretary of the association, wrote the report.

The final report of the WWS revealed, as expected, that women who worked in retail shops and department stores generally toiled for long hours, including nights and weekends, with increased hours during holiday seasons. They had few breaks and no overtime pay. Working conditions in many of the stores were appalling. In addition to documenting facts, the report vividly described the oppressive conditions under which “cash girls” performed their jobs. These young women often toiled in airless, noisy cellars, even in “the intense heat of the summer.” In at least one case, “fifteen or twenty cashiers,” the report stated, were “seated” in “the center” of a “walled up” cellar room, with “no air.” In this

fetid atmosphere, in the strong glare of the electric lights, with hundreds of carriers pouring in upon them with a noise so deafening that two women seated side by side could not hear each other speak without shouting, the situation was too much for the strongest man. Girls fainted day after day and came out of the cellar at night looking like corpses.

According to the report, “[s]anitary arrangements” were “wretched.” Restrooms were “horrible,” with male and female “closets” not “sufficiently separated” and with both genders sharing a sink and all workers sharing one towel. Clerks stood for long hours, with few chairs provided for respite. Employers expected their employees to continue working after stores closed—from 15 minutes up to four hours—tidying up, rearranging stock and performing other tasks. Wages were notoriously low—children worked up to sixteen hours a day for the sum of two dollars per week. Owners often diminished even these wages by imposing fines for any number of petty offenses. Sexual harassment was rampant.

After the publication of the report, Woodbridge, Shaw Lowell and others continued to advocate for women retail workers. They spoke before private groups, provided interviews to newspapers, and gave testimony to the New York State Legislature. The resulting publicity shocked many prosperous women, who had little or no idea of the conditions under which women and young girls worked at the luxuriously appointed stores that they patronized. Prosperous women consumers were further galvanized after reformers held a mass meeting to discuss their findings and to promote further action at Chickering Hall (Fifth Avenue & Eighteenth Street) in May of 1890.

In January of 1891, after years of investigations, reports, testimony, and mass meetings on the plight of retail workers, reformers officially established the Consumers League of New York City (CLNYC or League). The League was patterned on an English group called the Consumer’s Society, a group that strove to improve working conditions by influencing consumers to support workers. The CLNYC’s methods included both carrot and stick—they vowed to publicize unjust and unfair working conditions while praising and encouraging stores that treated their workers fairly.

The CLNYC chose Josephine Shaw Lowell as its first president, an inspired if obvious choice. She was well connected to the City’s most powerful citizens and already had vast experience in all aspects of the League’s work—gathering data, influencing prominent men and women to promote philanthropic and reform causes, and lobbying and testifying before municipal and state legislatures. The League’s first activity was to appoint a committee that would create a “White List”—a listing of retail stores that had decent sanitary conditions, fairer wages, and better hours for their workers.

From its inception in 1891, the League also began to lobby the legislature for laws to protect workers in department stores. League representatives pointed out that while factory workers had won a ten-hour law limiting the number of hours per day that they worked, this type of legislation did not cover employees who worked in department stores. In fact, during the holiday season it was routine for retail employees to work overtime—sometimes until midnight–with no extra pay.

Acting in conjunction with the League and other reformers, the Working Women’s Society drew up and introduced legislation commonly referenced as the “Ainsworth” bill. This proposed legislation would extend existing laws that protected factory workers to include messenger boys and cash girls. The bill also attempted to limit the working day of minors to eight hours. While it did not initially pass, the bill served as a springboard for continued agitation by reformers.

WWS and the League strengthened their efforts by enlisting prominent and influential men to lobby on behalf of retail workers. Lillian Wald—using her own connections–helped with this endeavor. On April 13, 1893 her benefactor, the banker and philanthropist Jacob Schiff, wrote to Louis Drypolcher, chair of the New York State Assembly’s committee on Labor and Industries. In the letter Schiff asked for Drypolcher’s help in shepherding the Act to Regulate and Employment of Women and Children out of committee. Schiff warned that if “such legislation…cannot be had,” “all our efforts…to better the moral and actual status of our dependent population must come to naught….”

The efforts of reformers did result in the 1895 appointment of a legislative commission tasked with investigating working conditions in the mercantile sector. Officially titled Report and Testimony Taken Before the Special Committee of the Assembly Appointed to Investigate the Condition of Female Labor in the City of New York (informally known as the Reinhard Commission) the body’s report and transcripts of testimonies were published in 1896. Settlement workers—including Lillian Wald—were active in advising the Commission, and their efforts did result in legislation regulating the hours of mercantile workers. However, the law lacked an effective enforcement mechanism and expired in 1898.

In 1896, Shaw Lowell retired as president of the CLNYC, and Maud Nathan was appointed in her place. Maud Nathan broadened the scope of the League’s mission by helping reformers in other cities to form their own Consumers Leagues. In 1899, these local leagues came together to form the National Consumers League, with Florence Kelley named General Secretary.

Bibliography

Adler, Cyrus, Jacob H. Schiff: His Life and Letters, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc., 1929, vols. I & II, Vol. I, pp. 295-6

Blumberg, Dorothy Rose, Florence Kelley: The Making of a Social Pioneer, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966, pp. 101-104, 164-176.

Carson, Mina, Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885-1930, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 (p. 110).

Cornell University, Guide to the Consumers’ League of New York City Records, 1896-1962, Collection Number: 5307 Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05307.html Current 2/12/19

Daniels, Doris Groshen, Always a Sister: The Feminism of Lillian D. Wald, New York, Feminist Press, 1989, pp. 105-106

Flower, B.O., (Chapter IV, The White Slaves of New York, by B.O. Flower; Miss Woodbridge’s Investigation, pp. 62 ff, Wald9, Social Abominations, pp. 62-67) From Guide to the Consumers’ League of New York City Records, 1896-1962, Collection Number: 5307 Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library Current 2/5/19 (Complete text of Flower/Woodbridge report found online at Google books, in Roumane, Norman Morand, Social Abominations: Or the Follies of Modern Society…. Harrisburg, PA: R.E. Whitman, 1897 at Link to Article Current 2/12/2019

Goldmark, Josephine, Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley’s Life Story, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1953 pp. 2, 24, 51-54, 56, 66-67.

Lubove, Roy, The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890-1917, np: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962, pp. 205-207

“Needs of the Working Woman: Miss Woodbridge Explains What Can Be Done to Allivate [sic] Her Condition.” New York Times; New York, N.Y., 29 Jan 1894

New York (State). Legislature. Girls of the Department Store: Report and Testimony Taken Before the Special Committee of the Assembly Appointed to Investigate the Condition of Female Labor in the City of New York, Volume 2, New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Condition of Female Labor in the City of New York, Publisher: Garland, 1987

(New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York. Albany : Printed by E. Croswell, 1831-1918. (119^th session. V. 24. No. 97. Part II. 1896.) (Testimonies of workers and others available in these documents.) See also (not copied) Woodbridge testimony in Documents of the Assembly of the State of NY, v. 23, 1896, p. 86, NYS Legislature, Google Books, Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, One Hundred and Nineteenth Session, 1896. Volume XXIII, No. 97, Part I, Albany & NY: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co, State Printers, 1896).

New York (State). Legislature. Report and Testimony Taken Before the Special Committee of the Assembly Appointed to Investigate the Condition of Female Labor in the City of New York, Volume 1. New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Condition of Female Labor in the City of New York, Philip W. Reinhard, state printers, 1896

Schrom Dye, Nancy, As Equals and As Sisters: Feminism, the Labor Movement, and the Women’s Trade Union League of New York, Columbia, Univ. of Missouri Press, 1980, p. 11.

Trattner, Walter I., Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970, p. 34

Waugh, Joan, Unsentimental Reformer: The Life of Josephine Shaw Lowell, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 197-199. (The early history of the Consumers’ League is described here in detail.)

Illustrations

Kelley, Florence, Portrait, public domain Link to Illustration Current 2/26/19

Kelley, Florence, 1925, Public domain Link to Illustration Current 2/26/19

Lowell, Josephine Shaw, Source: English: The Philanthropic Work of Josephine Shaw Lowell: Containing a Biographical Sketch of Her Life, Together with a Selection of Her Public Papers and Private Letters, Collected and Arranged for Publication By William Rhinelander Stewart Published by The Macmillan company, 1911 page 48,

Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19 and Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Lowell, Josephine Shaw, from The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Vol. 8 Published by J.T. White, p. 142 (1898). Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Nathan, Maud. “Maud Nathan, 1912” Unknown – The Women Citizen Vol.1-3 (Feb.-Oct. 1912-1913) Collection californiastatelibrary; americana Digitizing sponsor California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant Contributor California State Library Language English Volume 1912 Camera Canon 5D Identifier womencitizen1912unse Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t5r79gz24 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 8.0 Page-progression lr Pages 476 Ppi 300 Scandate 20120614181353 Scanner scribe1.sacramento.archive.org Scanningcenter sacramento https://archive.org/details/womencitizen1912unse/page/n93″ target=”_blank” rel=”noopener noreferrer

“THE WOMAN CITIZEN” Mrs. Frederick Nathan, Leader in Suffrage Work Link to Illustration Current 2/26/19

Nathan, Maud. “Maud Nathan, 1913,” Woman Suffrage and Feminism Photographs in the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection, Created: 31 December 1912, Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons, Link to Illustration Current 2/26/19

O’Reilly, Leonora, ca. 1900.

http://www.thelaborsite.com/women1.cfm / Link to Illustration en:Leonora O’Reilly (1870 – 1927) was an American feminist, suffragist, and trade union organizer. She was a founding member of the en:Women’s Trade Union League. Public domain. Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Schiff, Jacob

Title: Jacob Schiff & wife Creator(s): Bain News Service, publisher Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ggbain-30017 (digital file from original negative) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-B2- 5122-3 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Record: Link to Illustration Larger image: Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Department Stores.

14th St. Store. Title: 14th St. Store, New York Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1906] Medium: 1 negative: glass; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a12204 (digital file from original)
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-18025 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19 Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-18025 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC Site

14th St. Store. Title: [14th (Fourteenth) Street Store, New York, N.Y.] Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co. , publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1906]
Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a17510 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.
Call Number: LC-D4-33679 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Abraham & Straus Co. Title: Abraham & Straus Co. Location: New York–Brooklyn, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1909 December. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04626 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1313 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19 h

Abraham & Straus Co. Title: Abraham Straus Co. Location: New York–Brooklyn, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1909 December. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04627 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1314 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Altman Building (B. Altman & Company). Title: [Altman Building (B. Altman & Company), New York, N.Y.] Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1910] Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a18071 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-34517 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Altman Building (B. Altman & Company). Title: Altman Building, New York, N.Y. Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co. , publisher Date Created/Published: [ca. 1906] Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a13811 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-19927 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Notes: Detroit Publishing Co. no. 019927. Gift; State Historical Society of Colorado; 1949. Link to Illustrations Current 3/11/19

Dey Bros. & Co, Dept. Store. Title: Two “brothers,” errand boys, employed in Dey Bros. & Co, Dept. Store. Salina & Jefferson Streets. 11 A.M. Location: Syracuse, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February.

Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-03422 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7480, v. 1, no. 1252 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustrations Current 3/12/19

Herald Square. Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “New Great Department Stores In Herald Square.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1903. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Title: [New York City: Herald Square – facing Macy’s, with elevated railroad in right foregrd.] Date Created/Published: c1905. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-74723 (b&w film copy neg.) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LOT 3788 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. Title: These are cashiers in Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. The youngest girls working in the store and illustrate how well the law is being enforced in all the department stores here. Location: New Orleans, Louisiana. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1913 November. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04920 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3693 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. Title: Group of cash boys in Holmes Department Store showing the youngest workers there and typical type of conditions in New Orleans department stores. Location: New Orleans, Louisiana. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1913 November. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04921 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3694 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. Title: These are cashiers in Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. The youngest girls working in the store and illustrate how well the law is being enforced in all the department stores here. Location: New Orleans, Louisiana. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1913 November. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04922 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3697 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Holmes Department Store, New Orleans. Title: Group of cash boys in Holmes Department Store showing the youngest workers there and typical type of conditions in New Orleans department stores. Location: New Orleans, Louisiana. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1913 November. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04919 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3692 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Macy’s, New York, N.Y. Title: R.H. Macy and Co., New York Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co. , copyright claimant Detroit Publishing Co. , publisher Date Created/Published: c1905. Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a12205 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-18026 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Macy’s, New York, N.Y. Title: Macy’s, New York, N.Y. Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co. , copyright claimant Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: c1908. Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a22989 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-70804 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Reiss Department Store. Title: Workers in Reiss Department Store. The age limit is very high. Mr. Reiss does not believe in working children. Location: Mobile, Alabama. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1914 October. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04981 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3871 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Reiss Department Store. Title: [Workers in Reiss Department Store. The age limit is very high. Mr. Reiss does not believe in working children.] Location: Mobile, Alabama. Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1914 October. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04982 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 2, no. 3872 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Ridley Building. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Art & Architecture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Ridley Building” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1900 – 1909. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Shop Girls. Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Shop-Girls.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1880. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Shop Girls. Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “”The Hall Mark Of Elegance Is Given To Some Establishment By Their Salespeople.”” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1899. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Shop Girls. Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Women Fitting Gloves.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1906. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Shop Girls. General Research Division, The New York Public Library. “”Say, have we got any more of them 4567 French heel, chiffon rosette?”” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1913-12-20. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Siegel, Cooper and Co. Title: The Fountain, Seigel [i.e. Siegel] Cooper Co. Store, New York. Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co. , copyright claimant Detroit Publishing Co. , publisher Date Created/Published: c1903. Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-D401-16730 (b&w film copy neg.) LC-DIG-det-4a11138 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-16730 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustrations Current 3/11/19

Siegel, Cooper and Co. Title: [Siegel, Cooper and Co.’s store, the fountain] Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1895 and 1910] Medium: 1 negative: glass; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a17150 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-33239 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustrations Current 3/11/19

Siegel, Cooper and Co. Rare Book Division, The New York Public Library. “LUNCHEON [held by] SIEGEL COOPER [at] [NY] (REST;)” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1900. Link to Illustrations Current 3/12/19

Siegel, Cooper and Co. Title: [Siegel Cooper & Co., the fountain, water running] Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1910]
Medium: 1 negative: glass; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a17151 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-33240 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site
Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Rare Book Division, The New York Public Library. “BREAKFAST [held by] JOHN WANAMAKER [at] “NEW YORK, NY” (OTHER: DEPARTMENT STORE)” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1900. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Rare Book Division, The New York Public Library. “DAILY MENU [held by] JOHN WANAMAKER [at] “BROADWAY & 10TH STREET, NEW YORK, [NY]” (OTHER: DEPARTMENT STORE)” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1900. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Rare Book Division, The New York Public Library. “LUNCH] [held by] JOHN WANAMAKER [at] “BROADWAY & 10TH STREET, NEW YORK, [NY]” (OTHER: DEPARTMENT STORE)” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1900. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s Store, New York Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., copyright claimant Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: c1903. Medium: 1 negative: glass; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-D401-16728 (b&w film copy neg.) LC-DIG-det-4a11136 (digital file from original.) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-16728 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: [Wanamaker’s Store, New York, N.Y.] Related Names: Detroit Publishing Co., publisher Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1910] Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-det-4a17149 (digital file from original) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-D4-33238 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/11/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s, 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04630 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1316 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04631 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1317 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04632 (color digital file from b&w original print) LC-USZ62-76279 (b&w film copy negative) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1318 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04633 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1319 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04634 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1320 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. Title: Wanamaker’s 8:30 A.M. Location: New York, New York (State) Creator(s): Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer Date Created/Published: 1910 February. Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-nclc-04635 (color digital file from b&w original print) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. For information see: “National Child Labor Committee (Lewis Hine photographs),” Link to LOC site Access Advisory: For reference access, please use the digital item to preserve the fragile original item. Call Number: LOT 7483, v. 1, no. 1321 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Link to LOC site Link to Illustration Current 3/5/19

Wanamaker’s Store, New York. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Grace Church and the Wanamaker Stores, Broadway, New York” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1910. Link to Illustration Current 3/12/19